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TYPES OF STEEL PRODUCTS FERROUS

Unalloyed

are steels that contain no relatively large amounts of other elements (which are shown in the table at right). According the percentage of carbon steels are classified:

-Steel supersoft, from 0.1 to 0.2%, resist 35 kg / mm ^ 2

Acero- soft from 0.2 to 0.3%, resist 45 kg / mm ^ 2

Acero- semisuave , from 0.3 to 0.4%, resist 55 kg / mm ^ 2

Acero- flint, from 0.4 to 0.5%, resist 65 kg / mm ^ 2

hard-Acero, from 0.5 to 0.6% &, 75 resists kg / mm ^ 2

Acero- extradural , from 0.6 to 0.7%, resist 85 kg / mm ^ 2

or special alloy steels

steels are also the five elements: carbon, silicon , manganese, phosphorus and sulfur, also contain higher amounts than those shown in the table above, that might make some of its key features.

Almost all of the steels used are alloy steels. There are several ways classify the alloy. One of the most used is the so-called conventional designation number
, where steels are classified according to their application. Each steel is indicated by the letter F, followed by a dash and four digits:

• The first number indicates broad applications of steel.

F-1000, Steel Construction fine

F-2000, special-purpose steels

F-3000, stainless steel

F-4000, Emergency Steel

F-5000, tool steels

F-6000 and F-7000, tool steels

F-8000, steel molding

• The second number indicates characteristics of the steel.

• The last two digits are worth qualifier and are placed as they are discovered
different steels.

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Rolling Mill

Classification ferrous products.


Dependiendode the proportion of carbon existing ferrous products are classified as:



• Irons. Those whose carbon is between 0.01 and 0.03% . They are very soft and difficult to obtain, so they have few industrial applications.
• Steel. are alloys of iron-carbon and may contain other chemicals. The carbon is between 0.03 and 1.76% .
• Foundries. are iron-carbon alloys, and may have other chemicals. The carbon ranges from 1.76 to 6.67%.
• Graphite. The carbon is greater than 6.67% . not have applications as they are very fragile.



iron-carbon diagram


is a graphical representation of the behavior of Fe-C alloy as a function of temperature and percentage of carbon, it has from 0% to 6.67% carbon. Draw two axes. On the horizontal axis is representing the percentage of carbon from 0 to 6.67%. In the vertical axis draws the temperatures that go from room temperature up to 1 600 ° C.
fucks that have 0% carbon and heats up to 1600 º C. The chart notes at what temperature it becomes liquid or solid and liquid coexisting (mushy).
Repeat the process with the remaining 666 (each with 0.01% more carbon than before). Uniting all the points you get the iron-carbon diagram. It is noted that:


• Pure iron melts at high temperatures (1530 ° C ).
• As you increase the percentage of carbon (to 4.3% ) decreases the melting temperature. From 4.3% melting temperature begins to rise again.
• The lower melting temperature alloy iron-carbon alloy corresponds to a 4.3% carbon ( 1 130 ° C).

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The lamination is to pass between two hardened steel rollers that revolve at the same speed but in opposite directions. This reduces the cross section and increases its length. That is why product quality will depend greatly on the quality of steel used. This process takes advantage of the ductility of steel, the greater the higher is its temperature, can be performed hot or cold:

cold rolling. was performed at room temperature.

Reduced thickness of the sheet, it gives strength properties, hardness and modify the microstructure. goes through a washing process electrolytic which is to remove any remaining soluble oil on the blade, or by annealing furnaces. This resets the properties of malleability, punched modified by the cold. The tempering process gives the metallurgical properties of hardness, strength and surface roughness. In the process of tensionlevelling have resulted in a slim and flawless product. Some applications are:

• Applications in machinery and equipment.

• Profiles and pipe.

• Drums and containers.

hot rolling. The temperature is usually 1000 ° C

red hot is heated in a pit called thermo-diffusion furnace, where it is heated. These are heated to provide ductility and malleability make it easier for area reduction.

After heating the ingots are passed between a series of metal rollers arranged in pairs that crush. The first pair of roller train is known as grinding or removal of fences. After the rolling mills rough and finish trains reduce it to the desired section. Its main applications are:

-Embossed extraprofundos deep.

-pipe for different uses high and medium resistance.

-Automotive to unexposed.

The number of mills, such as the shape of the rollers depend on the product to be obtained. But there will always be one or more roughing train and cooling sections.

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The obtained liquid steel through the furnace or using the converter is solidified, using any of the following methods of casting:

1. conventional casting (molding)

consists of pouring the liquid steel molds to the shape of the part that is desired. Subsequently allowed to cool the metal and later removed the piece.

2. Continuous casting

Is he more modern budget exists. Steel is to pour the liquid over a bottomless mold and cover with a cross section curve and the geometric shape of the product to get. The liquid steel, as is moving, it cools.

3. ingot casting on

If at a particular time of ferrous demand is low and no outlet Commercial
(occurs rarely), which is done strain it inside molds (molds cast prismatic, conical-shaped and square cross section) and allow to cool. Subsequently, the mold is removed and stored bullion until demand increases.

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STEEL CASTING PROCESS FOR OBTAINING PRODUCTS STEEL AND OTHER FERROUS METALS

currently ferrous products obtained in two ways, depending on the feedstock used. These procedures are through furnace (using iron ore) and oven (scrap).

In the picture we see briefly the two processes.

1. Blast furnace .

1.1 blast furnace raw material

The raw material consists of iron ore (60%), coking coal (30%) and flux (10%) , is inserted through the top.

Iron ore: undergoes a preliminary treatment, consisting of crushing and grinding the ore to separate the useful part (ore) of unusable (rocks, limestone, silica, etc.) constitutes bargain.

Coal Coke created artificially from coal. Its mission is:
- Produce, the heat needed to melt the ore and generate the chemical reactions necessary for the iron oxide becomes iron .
- support the weight of the raw material is not crushed, so you can burn at the bottom and leaving the gases to the top.

Flux: lime (provided that the mineral composition having acid), whose mission is:
- Reacting to bargain that may remain, dragging the top, and forming the slag.
- Download the melting point of the bargain for the slag is liquid.

1.2 blast furnace operation

Once on, it's working until it's ininterrupidamente require repair.

As you enter the load, it goes down and its temperature rises 'm up to the bosh , where the temperature is about 1650 º C sufficient for the ore transformed into droplets of iron and deposited in the crucible .

The flux reacts with gangue forming slag, which floats on the molten iron. On one hole, mustache or runner slag is removed every two hours. This slag used in the manufacture of cement, insulation terminco, etc.

periodically opens the runner iron and liquid iron is extracted from the crucible . The liquid iron is called pig iron and iron first merger and contains many impurities and excess carbon, so it has no application.

Almost all of this iron into steel by the LD procedure converter or, sometimes, special molds solidifies, forming ingots.

Surrounding the oven, at the height of bosh, is the wind ring, which draws hot air is introduced into the oven.

1.3 transformation of pig iron in steel: converter

The iron have excess impurities that makes it too fragile and unsuitable for the manufacture of industrial parts. The solution is to eliminate most of these impurities in the refining furnace, the most used is called a converter or preceding LD.

transport from the oven to ale converter is done by train, called torpedoes.

Raw converter LD:

- Pig liquid, and sometimes small amounts of scrap.

- flux, which reacts with the impurities and form slag.

- alloys, which improve the properties of steel.

converter Features:

-Inside is lined with refractory brick-

by batch production is usually around 300 tonnes of high quality steel.

"Each batch usually lasts approx. an hour.

converter operation:

"You tilt the furnace and pig iron is added , flux and sometimes the scrap.

-vertical and is placed down the lance to inject oxygen into the molten metal, so the impurities are burned.

and He leans out the scum floating in steel.

-steel is poured over the spoon and add ferroalloys and carbon.

2. electric oven.

2.1 Obtaining scrap steel through

The most important parts are:

• electrical transformer. Converts the voltage to 900 V and transforms alternating current into direct current continuous.
• Flexible cables. conduct electricity to the electrodes .
• Brazos electrodes. They allow electrodes approaching or moving away from the junk
to jump the arc.
• Securing electrodes.
• Porch with hydraulic arms. Allows remove and replace the lid of the oven
to introduce the raw material.
• Venting chilled. Drive smoke through a filter, removing suspended particles.
• oscillating structure. to tilt the furnace to remove the molten steel. It has a hydraulic dump device.

electric oven

2.2 electric furnace raw materials

- Scrap not take other non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminum, etc..
- flux (limestone).
- alloys, eg, Ni, Cr, Mo, etc. To manufacture special steels.

2.3 features an electric oven.

-Inside is lined with firebrick.
-Inside, temperatures reach up to 3 500 ° C, which is very easy to not only cast iron alloy, but any person whose melting point is high, such as tungsten, tantalum, etc..
-loading kiln is about 100 tons.

"Each batch takes about 50 minutes.

2.4 oven operation.

1. the lid is removed and fed the junk and flux.
2. closes the oven and close the electrodes to the scrap , to begin to melt.

3. When melted, oxygen is injected to eliminate impurities.
4. You tilt the oven and remove the scum . After you add the carbon and ferro and continues heating until dissolved and standardize the composition of the bath.
5. Leans oven and pour the steel into the ladle, which leads to the molding area

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ferrous or ferric

are called ferrous or ferric those containing iron as a base, although may also contain small amounts of others.

Main fields iron ore

Major iron yacimeintos Spain are Polanco (Bilbao), Spell (Almería), Ojos Negros (Teruel), Jerez-Villafranca, etc. Today and virtually none of them are exploited, because it is more profitable to import minerals containing it.

countries of iron ore producers are Russia (26%), China, Canada (6%), Brazil (7%), Australia (11%), U.S. (8%). Due to low mineral prices and rising of its extraction, it tends to open to mine, the most important are: Rio Doce (Brazil), Cerro Bolivar (Venezuela) and Miferma (Mauritania).

iron ore types

There are a variety of iron ore but now only take usually magnetite, hematite, limonite and siderite. These minerals have the advantage of being rich to contain a high proportion of pure iron.

magnetite

Hematites

limonite

siderite